Programming Step by Step

Java has three kinds of variables: Local variables Instance variables Static Variables We have already discussed about local vari...

The following example explains what happens when we assign one object reference to another object reference. Example:  Box b1 = new Box...

The memory for Java objects is always allocated dynamically with the help of new operator. For example, an instance/object of the class Bo...

You can declare object of class Box as follows: Box box; Normally we say that box is an object of type Box. This is correct in C++ but ...

Access/visibility modifiers control access to a class, interface, data member or method. There are four levels of visibility in Java: p...

A Java class represents a user-defined data type. It acts like a template using which we can create multiple objects. The objects are like ...

Some of the essential elements of the object-oriented programming are mentioned below: Abstraction Objects and Classes Three OOP Prin...

All the programs consist of two elements: process and data.  There can be two different approaches depending upon whether our main focus is...

The return statement is used to immediately return control from a called method to the calling method. The syntax of the return statement i...

The general form of simple continue statement is: continue; The unlabeled continue statement can be used inside loops (for, while and do-wh...

Jump statements are used for breaking the control flow. Java supports the following jump statements: break labeled break continue lab...

The Java supports the while, do-while and for iteration/loop control statements. The syntax is similar to C/C++. With JDK1.5, a second form...

Java supports the following selection statements: simple if Statement if-else Statement nested-if Statement if-else-if Ladder switch ...

Control statements are used to change the flow of execution. Java’s control statements can be classified into three categories: Selectio...

Types of the left hand side variable and right hand side expression in an assignment may differ from each other as long as they are type-co...

Arithmetic expressions are formed by combining numeric types (constants, variables and expressions) using arithmetic operators. The basic...

The Java supports the following bit-wise shift operators: << (left shift) >> (right shift with sign fill) >>> (right s...

The Java supports the following bit-wise operators: ~ (1’s complement or bit-wise complement)| (bit-wise OR) & (bit-wise AND) ^ (bit-wi...

The assignment operator has the following syntax: <variable> = <expression> Here variable can be of primitive type or referen...

The ternary conditional operator has the following syntax: <condition> ? <expr1> : <expr2> If condition (boolean expressi...

The Java supports the following conditional operators: || (conditional OR) && (conditional AND) The conditional operators &...

The Java supports the following boolean logical operators: ! (logical complement) | (logical OR) & (logical AND) ^ (logical exc...